feat(vfs): add VFS compaction support via shared Compactor type (#979)

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

cmd/litestream/main.go

@@ -279,9 +279,9 @@ func DefaultConfig() Config {
 	defaultShutdownSyncInterval := litestream.DefaultShutdownSyncInterval
 	return Config{
 		Levels: []*CompactionLevelConfig{
-			{Interval: 30 * time.Second},
-			{Interval: 5 * time.Minute},
-			{Interval: 1 * time.Hour},
+			{Interval: litestream.DefaultCompactionLevels[1].Interval},
+			{Interval: litestream.DefaultCompactionLevels[2].Interval},
+			{Interval: litestream.DefaultCompactionLevels[3].Interval},
 		},
 		Snapshot: SnapshotConfig{
 			Interval:  &defaultSnapshotInterval,

compaction_level.go

@@ -8,6 +8,16 @@ import (
 // SnapshotLevel represents the level which full snapshots are held.
 const SnapshotLevel = 9
 
+// DefaultCompactionLevels provides the canonical default compaction configuration.
+// Level 0 is raw LTX files, higher levels compact at increasing intervals.
+// These values are also used by cmd/litestream DefaultConfig().
+var DefaultCompactionLevels = CompactionLevels{
+	{Level: 0, Interval: 0},
+	{Level: 1, Interval: 30 * time.Second},
+	{Level: 2, Interval: 5 * time.Minute},
+	{Level: 3, Interval: time.Hour},
+}
+
 // CompactionLevel represents a single part of a multi-level compaction.
 // Each level merges LTX files from the previous level into larger time granularities.
 type CompactionLevel struct {

compactor.go

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+package litestream
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/superfly/ltx"
+)
+
+// Compactor handles compaction and retention for LTX files.
+// It operates solely through the ReplicaClient interface, making it
+// suitable for both DB (with local file caching) and VFS (remote-only).
+type Compactor struct {
+	client ReplicaClient
+	logger *slog.Logger
+
+	// LocalFileOpener optionally opens a local LTX file for compaction.
+	// If nil or returns os.ErrNotExist, falls back to remote.
+	// This is used by DB to prefer local files over remote for consistency.
+	LocalFileOpener func(level int, minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID) (io.ReadCloser, error)
+
+	// LocalFileDeleter optionally deletes local LTX files after retention.
+	// If nil, only remote files are deleted.
+	LocalFileDeleter func(level int, minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID) error
+
+	// CacheGetter optionally retrieves cached MaxLTXFileInfo for a level.
+	// If nil, max file info is always fetched from remote.
+	CacheGetter func(level int) (*ltx.FileInfo, bool)
+
+	// CacheSetter optionally stores MaxLTXFileInfo for a level.
+	// If nil, max file info is not cached.
+	CacheSetter func(level int, info *ltx.FileInfo)
+}
+
+// NewCompactor creates a new Compactor with the given client and logger.
+func NewCompactor(client ReplicaClient, logger *slog.Logger) *Compactor {
+	if logger == nil {
+		logger = slog.Default()
+	}
+	return &Compactor{
+		client: client,
+		logger: logger,
+	}
+}
+
+// Client returns the underlying ReplicaClient.
+func (c *Compactor) Client() ReplicaClient {
+	return c.client
+}
+
+// SetClient updates the ReplicaClient.
+// This is used by DB when the Replica is assigned after construction.
+func (c *Compactor) SetClient(client ReplicaClient) {
+	c.client = client
+}
+
+// MaxLTXFileInfo returns metadata for the last LTX file in a level.
+// Uses cache if available, otherwise fetches from remote.
+func (c *Compactor) MaxLTXFileInfo(ctx context.Context, level int) (ltx.FileInfo, error) {
+	if c.CacheGetter != nil {
+		if info, ok := c.CacheGetter(level); ok {
+			return *info, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	itr, err := c.client.LTXFiles(ctx, level, 0, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ltx.FileInfo{}, err
+	}
+	defer itr.Close()
+
+	var info ltx.FileInfo
+	for itr.Next() {
+		item := itr.Item()
+		if item.MaxTXID > info.MaxTXID {
+			info = *item
+		}
+	}
+
+	if c.CacheSetter != nil && info.MaxTXID > 0 {
+		c.CacheSetter(level, &info)
+	}
+
+	return info, itr.Close()
+}
+
+// Compact compacts source level files into the destination level.
+// Returns ErrNoCompaction if there are no files to compact.
+func (c *Compactor) Compact(ctx context.Context, dstLevel int) (*ltx.FileInfo, error) {
+	srcLevel := dstLevel - 1
+
+	prevMaxInfo, err := c.MaxLTXFileInfo(ctx, dstLevel)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot determine max ltx file for destination level: %w", err)
+	}
+	seekTXID := prevMaxInfo.MaxTXID + 1
+
+	itr, err := c.client.LTXFiles(ctx, srcLevel, seekTXID, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("source ltx files after %s: %w", seekTXID, err)
+	}
+	defer itr.Close()
+
+	var rdrs []io.Reader
+	defer func() {
+		for _, rd := range rdrs {
+			if closer, ok := rd.(io.Closer); ok {
+				_ = closer.Close()
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	var minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID
+	for itr.Next() {
+		info := itr.Item()
+
+		if minTXID == 0 || info.MinTXID < minTXID {
+			minTXID = info.MinTXID
+		}
+		if maxTXID == 0 || info.MaxTXID > maxTXID {
+			maxTXID = info.MaxTXID
+		}
+
+		if c.LocalFileOpener != nil {
+			if f, err := c.LocalFileOpener(srcLevel, info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID); err == nil {
+				rdrs = append(rdrs, f)
+				continue
+			} else if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("open local ltx file: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		f, err := c.client.OpenLTXFile(ctx, info.Level, info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID, 0, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("open ltx file: %w", err)
+		}
+		rdrs = append(rdrs, f)
+	}
+	if len(rdrs) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrNoCompaction
+	}
+
+	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
+	go func() {
+		comp, err := ltx.NewCompactor(pw, rdrs)
+		if err != nil {
+			pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("new ltx compactor: %w", err))
+			return
+		}
+		comp.HeaderFlags = ltx.HeaderFlagNoChecksum
+		_ = pw.CloseWithError(comp.Compact(ctx))
+	}()
+
+	info, err := c.client.WriteLTXFile(ctx, dstLevel, minTXID, maxTXID, pr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("write ltx file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.CacheSetter != nil {
+		c.CacheSetter(dstLevel, info)
+	}
+
+	return info, nil
+}
+
+// EnforceSnapshotRetention enforces retention of snapshot level files by timestamp.
+// Files older than the retention duration are deleted (except the newest is always kept).
+// Returns the minimum snapshot TXID still retained (useful for cascading retention to lower levels).
+func (c *Compactor) EnforceSnapshotRetention(ctx context.Context, retention time.Duration) (ltx.TXID, error) {
+	timestamp := time.Now().Add(-retention)
+	c.logger.Debug("enforcing snapshot retention", "timestamp", timestamp)
+
+	itr, err := c.client.LTXFiles(ctx, SnapshotLevel, 0, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("fetch ltx files: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer itr.Close()
+
+	var deleted []*ltx.FileInfo
+	var lastInfo *ltx.FileInfo
+	var minSnapshotTXID ltx.TXID
+
+	for itr.Next() {
+		info := itr.Item()
+		lastInfo = info
+
+		if info.CreatedAt.Before(timestamp) {
+			deleted = append(deleted, info)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if minSnapshotTXID == 0 || info.MaxTXID < minSnapshotTXID {
+			minSnapshotTXID = info.MaxTXID
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(deleted) > 0 && deleted[len(deleted)-1] == lastInfo {
+		deleted = deleted[:len(deleted)-1]
+	}
+
+	if err := c.client.DeleteLTXFiles(ctx, deleted); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("remove ltx files: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.LocalFileDeleter != nil {
+		for _, info := range deleted {
+			c.logger.Debug("deleting local ltx file",
+				"level", SnapshotLevel,
+				"minTXID", info.MinTXID,
+				"maxTXID", info.MaxTXID)
+			if err := c.LocalFileDeleter(SnapshotLevel, info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID); err != nil {
+				c.logger.Error("failed to remove local ltx file", "error", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return minSnapshotTXID, nil
+}
+
+// EnforceRetentionByTXID deletes files at the given level with maxTXID below the target.
+// Always keeps at least one file.
+func (c *Compactor) EnforceRetentionByTXID(ctx context.Context, level int, txID ltx.TXID) error {
+	c.logger.Debug("enforcing retention", "level", level, "txid", txID)
+
+	itr, err := c.client.LTXFiles(ctx, level, 0, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("fetch ltx files: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer itr.Close()
+
+	var deleted []*ltx.FileInfo
+	var lastInfo *ltx.FileInfo
+	for itr.Next() {
+		info := itr.Item()
+		lastInfo = info
+
+		if info.MaxTXID < txID {
+			deleted = append(deleted, info)
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(deleted) > 0 && deleted[len(deleted)-1] == lastInfo {
+		deleted = deleted[:len(deleted)-1]
+	}
+
+	if err := c.client.DeleteLTXFiles(ctx, deleted); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("remove ltx files: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.LocalFileDeleter != nil {
+		for _, info := range deleted {
+			c.logger.Debug("deleting local ltx file",
+				"level", level,
+				"minTXID", info.MinTXID,
+				"maxTXID", info.MaxTXID)
+			if err := c.LocalFileDeleter(level, info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID); err != nil {
+				c.logger.Error("failed to remove local ltx file", "error", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// EnforceL0Retention retains L0 files based on L1 compaction progress and time.
+// Files are only deleted if they have been compacted into L1 AND are older than retention.
+// This ensures contiguous L0 coverage for VFS reads.
+func (c *Compactor) EnforceL0Retention(ctx context.Context, retention time.Duration) error {
+	if retention <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	c.logger.Debug("enforcing l0 retention", "retention", retention)
+
+	itr, err := c.client.LTXFiles(ctx, 1, 0, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("fetch l1 files: %w", err)
+	}
+	var maxL1TXID ltx.TXID
+	for itr.Next() {
+		info := itr.Item()
+		if info.MaxTXID > maxL1TXID {
+			maxL1TXID = info.MaxTXID
+		}
+	}
+	if err := itr.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("close l1 iterator: %w", err)
+	}
+	if maxL1TXID == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	threshold := time.Now().Add(-retention)
+	itr, err = c.client.LTXFiles(ctx, 0, 0, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("fetch l0 files: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer itr.Close()
+
+	var (
+		deleted      []*ltx.FileInfo
+		lastInfo     *ltx.FileInfo
+		processedAll = true
+	)
+	for itr.Next() {
+		info := itr.Item()
+		lastInfo = info
+
+		createdAt := info.CreatedAt
+		if createdAt.IsZero() {
+			createdAt = threshold
+		}
+
+		if createdAt.After(threshold) {
+			processedAll = false
+			break
+		}
+
+		if info.MaxTXID <= maxL1TXID {
+			deleted = append(deleted, info)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if processedAll && len(deleted) > 0 && lastInfo != nil && deleted[len(deleted)-1] == lastInfo {
+		deleted = deleted[:len(deleted)-1]
+	}
+
+	if len(deleted) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := c.client.DeleteLTXFiles(ctx, deleted); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("remove expired l0 files: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.LocalFileDeleter != nil {
+		for _, info := range deleted {
+			c.logger.Debug("deleting expired local l0 file",
+				"minTXID", info.MinTXID,
+				"maxTXID", info.MaxTXID)
+			if err := c.LocalFileDeleter(0, info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID); err != nil {
+				c.logger.Error("failed to remove local l0 file", "error", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.logger.Info("l0 retention enforced", "deleted_count", len(deleted), "max_l1_txid", maxL1TXID)
+
+	return nil
+}

compactor_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+package litestream_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/superfly/ltx"
+
+	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream"
+	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/file"
+)
+
+func TestCompactor_Compact(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("L0ToL1", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Create test L0 files
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 1, 1)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 2, 2)
+
+		info, err := compactor.Compact(context.Background(), 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.Level != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("Level=%d, want 1", info.Level)
+		}
+		if info.MinTXID != 1 || info.MaxTXID != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("TXID range=%d-%d, want 1-2", info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NoFiles", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		_, err := compactor.Compact(context.Background(), 1)
+		if err != litestream.ErrNoCompaction {
+			t.Errorf("err=%v, want ErrNoCompaction", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("L1ToL2", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Create L0 files
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 1, 1)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 2, 2)
+
+		// Compact to L1
+		_, err := compactor.Compact(context.Background(), 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Create more L0 files
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 3, 3)
+
+		// Compact to L1 again (should only include TXID 3)
+		info, err := compactor.Compact(context.Background(), 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.MinTXID != 3 || info.MaxTXID != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("TXID range=%d-%d, want 3-3", info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+
+		// Now compact L1 to L2 (should include all from 1-3)
+		info, err = compactor.Compact(context.Background(), 2)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.Level != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("Level=%d, want 2", info.Level)
+		}
+		if info.MinTXID != 1 || info.MaxTXID != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("TXID range=%d-%d, want 1-3", info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCompactor_MaxLTXFileInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("WithFiles", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 1, 1)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 2, 2)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 3, 5)
+
+		info, err := compactor.MaxLTXFileInfo(context.Background(), 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.MaxTXID != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("MaxTXID=%d, want 5", info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NoFiles", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		info, err := compactor.MaxLTXFileInfo(context.Background(), 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.MaxTXID != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("MaxTXID=%d, want 0", info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("WithCache", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Use callbacks for caching
+		cache := make(map[int]*ltx.FileInfo)
+		compactor.CacheGetter = func(level int) (*ltx.FileInfo, bool) {
+			info, ok := cache[level]
+			return info, ok
+		}
+		compactor.CacheSetter = func(level int, info *ltx.FileInfo) {
+			cache[level] = info
+		}
+
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 1, 3)
+
+		// First call should populate cache
+		info, err := compactor.MaxLTXFileInfo(context.Background(), 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.MaxTXID != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("MaxTXID=%d, want 3", info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+
+		// Second call should use cache
+		info, err = compactor.MaxLTXFileInfo(context.Background(), 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.MaxTXID != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("MaxTXID=%d, want 3 (from cache)", info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCompactor_EnforceRetentionByTXID(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("DeletesOldFiles", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Create files at L1
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 1, 1, 2)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 1, 3, 5)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 1, 6, 10)
+
+		// Enforce retention - delete files below TXID 5
+		err := compactor.EnforceRetentionByTXID(context.Background(), 1, 5)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Verify only the first file was deleted
+		info, err := compactor.MaxLTXFileInfo(context.Background(), 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.MaxTXID != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("MaxTXID=%d, want 10", info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+
+		// Check that files starting from TXID 3 are still present
+		itr, err := client.LTXFiles(context.Background(), 1, 0, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer itr.Close()
+
+		var count int
+		for itr.Next() {
+			count++
+		}
+		if count != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("file count=%d, want 2", count)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("KeepsLastFile", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Create single file
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 1, 1, 2)
+
+		// Try to delete it - should keep at least one
+		err := compactor.EnforceRetentionByTXID(context.Background(), 1, 100)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Verify file still exists
+		info, err := compactor.MaxLTXFileInfo(context.Background(), 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.MaxTXID != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("MaxTXID=%d, want 2 (last file should be kept)", info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCompactor_EnforceL0Retention(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("DeletesCompactedFiles", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Create L0 files
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 1, 1)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 2, 2)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 3, 3)
+
+		// Compact to L1
+		_, err := compactor.Compact(context.Background(), 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Enforce L0 retention with 0 duration (delete immediately)
+		err = compactor.EnforceL0Retention(context.Background(), 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// L0 files compacted into L1 should be deleted (except last)
+		itr, err := client.LTXFiles(context.Background(), 0, 0, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer itr.Close()
+
+		var count int
+		for itr.Next() {
+			count++
+		}
+		// At least one file should remain
+		if count < 1 {
+			t.Errorf("file count=%d, want at least 1", count)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SkipsIfNoL1", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Create L0 files without compacting to L1
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 1, 1)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 2, 2)
+
+		// Enforce L0 retention - should do nothing since no L1 exists
+		err := compactor.EnforceL0Retention(context.Background(), 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// All L0 files should still exist
+		itr, err := client.LTXFiles(context.Background(), 0, 0, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer itr.Close()
+
+		var count int
+		for itr.Next() {
+			count++
+		}
+		if count != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("file count=%d, want 2", count)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCompactor_EnforceSnapshotRetention(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("DeletesOldSnapshots", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Create snapshot files with different timestamps
+		createTestLTXFileWithTimestamp(t, client, litestream.SnapshotLevel, 1, 5, time.Now().Add(-2*time.Hour))
+		createTestLTXFileWithTimestamp(t, client, litestream.SnapshotLevel, 1, 10, time.Now().Add(-30*time.Minute))
+		createTestLTXFileWithTimestamp(t, client, litestream.SnapshotLevel, 1, 15, time.Now().Add(-5*time.Minute))
+
+		// Enforce retention - keep snapshots from last hour
+		_, err := compactor.EnforceSnapshotRetention(context.Background(), time.Hour)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Count remaining snapshots
+		itr, err := client.LTXFiles(context.Background(), litestream.SnapshotLevel, 0, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer itr.Close()
+
+		var count int
+		for itr.Next() {
+			count++
+		}
+		// Should have 2 snapshots (the 30min and 5min old ones)
+		if count != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("snapshot count=%d, want 2", count)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// createTestLTXFile creates a minimal LTX file for testing.
+func createTestLTXFile(t testing.TB, client litestream.ReplicaClient, level int, minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID) {
+	t.Helper()
+	createTestLTXFileWithTimestamp(t, client, level, minTXID, maxTXID, time.Now())
+}
+
+// createTestLTXFileWithTimestamp creates a minimal LTX file with a specific timestamp.
+func createTestLTXFileWithTimestamp(t testing.TB, client litestream.ReplicaClient, level int, minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID, ts time.Time) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	enc, err := ltx.NewEncoder(&buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := enc.EncodeHeader(ltx.Header{
+		Version:   ltx.Version,
+		Flags:     ltx.HeaderFlagNoChecksum,
+		PageSize:  4096,
+		Commit:    1,
+		MinTXID:   minTXID,
+		MaxTXID:   maxTXID,
+		Timestamp: ts.UnixMilli(),
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Write a dummy page
+	if err := enc.EncodePage(ltx.PageHeader{Pgno: 1}, make([]byte, 4096)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := enc.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := client.WriteLTXFile(context.Background(), level, minTXID, maxTXID, io.NopCloser(&buf)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}

db.go

@@ -151,6 +151,10 @@ type DB struct {
 	// Must be set before calling Open().
 	Replica *Replica
 
+	// Compactor handles shared compaction logic.
+	// Created in NewDB, client set when Replica is assigned.
+	compactor *Compactor
+
 	// Shutdown sync retry settings.
 	// ShutdownSyncTimeout is the total time to retry syncing on shutdown.
 	// ShutdownSyncInterval is the time between retry attempts.
@@ -200,6 +204,22 @@ func NewDB(path string) *DB {
 
 	db.ctx, db.cancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 
+	// Initialize compactor with nil client (will be set when Replica is assigned).
+	db.compactor = NewCompactor(nil, db.Logger)
+	db.compactor.LocalFileOpener = db.openLocalLTXFile
+	db.compactor.LocalFileDeleter = db.deleteLocalLTXFile
+	db.compactor.CacheGetter = func(level int) (*ltx.FileInfo, bool) {
+		db.maxLTXFileInfos.Lock()
+		defer db.maxLTXFileInfos.Unlock()
+		info, ok := db.maxLTXFileInfos.m[level]
+		return info, ok
+	}
+	db.compactor.CacheSetter = func(level int, info *ltx.FileInfo) {
+		db.maxLTXFileInfos.Lock()
+		defer db.maxLTXFileInfos.Unlock()
+		db.maxLTXFileInfos.m[level] = info
+	}
+
 	return db
 }
 
@@ -246,6 +266,29 @@ func (db *DB) LTXPath(level int, minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID) string {
 	return filepath.Join(db.LTXLevelDir(level), ltx.FormatFilename(minTXID, maxTXID))
 }
 
+// openLocalLTXFile opens a local LTX file for reading.
+// Used by the Compactor to prefer local files over remote.
+func (db *DB) openLocalLTXFile(level int, minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+	return os.Open(db.LTXPath(level, minTXID, maxTXID))
+}
+
+// deleteLocalLTXFile deletes a local LTX file.
+// Used by the Compactor for retention enforcement.
+func (db *DB) deleteLocalLTXFile(level int, minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID) error {
+	path := db.LTXPath(level, minTXID, maxTXID)
+	if err := os.Remove(path); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ensureCompactorClient ensures the compactor has the current replica client.
+func (db *DB) ensureCompactorClient() {
+	if db.Replica != nil && db.compactor.Client() != db.Replica.Client {
+		db.compactor.SetClient(db.Replica.Client)
+	}
+}
+
 // MaxLTX returns the last LTX file written to level 0.
 func (db *DB) MaxLTX() (minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID, err error) {
 	ents, err := os.ReadDir(db.LTXLevelDir(0))
@@ -1696,87 +1739,12 @@ func (db *DB) SnapshotReader(ctx context.Context) (ltx.Pos, io.Reader, error) {
 // Returns metadata for the newly written compaction file. Returns ErrNoCompaction
 // if no new files are available to be compacted.
 func (db *DB) Compact(ctx context.Context, dstLevel int) (*ltx.FileInfo, error) {
-	srcLevel := dstLevel - 1
+	db.ensureCompactorClient()
 
-	prevMaxInfo, err := db.Replica.MaxLTXFileInfo(ctx, dstLevel)
+	info, err := db.compactor.Compact(ctx, dstLevel)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot determine max ltx file for destination level: %w", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	seekTXID := prevMaxInfo.MaxTXID + 1
-
-	// Collect files after last compaction.
-	// Normal operation - use fast timestamps
-	itr, err := db.Replica.Client.LTXFiles(ctx, srcLevel, seekTXID, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("source ltx files after %s: %w", seekTXID, err)
-	}
-	defer itr.Close()
-
-	// Ensure all readers are closed by the end, even if an error occurs.
-	var rdrs []io.Reader
-	defer func() {
-		for _, rd := range rdrs {
-			if closer, ok := rd.(io.Closer); ok {
-				_ = closer.Close()
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-
-	// Build a list of input files to compact from.
-	var minTXID, maxTXID ltx.TXID
-	for itr.Next() {
-		info := itr.Item()
-
-		// Track TXID bounds of all files being compacted.
-		if minTXID == 0 || info.MinTXID < minTXID {
-			minTXID = info.MinTXID
-		}
-		if maxTXID == 0 || info.MaxTXID > maxTXID {
-			maxTXID = info.MaxTXID
-		}
-
-		// Prefer the on-disk LTX file when available so compaction is not subject
-		// to eventual consistency quirks of remote storage providers. Fallback to
-		// downloading the file from the replica client if the local copy has been
-		// removed.
-		if f, err := os.Open(db.LTXPath(srcLevel, info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID)); err == nil {
-			rdrs = append(rdrs, f)
-			continue
-		} else if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("open local ltx file: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		f, err := db.Replica.Client.OpenLTXFile(ctx, info.Level, info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID, 0, 0)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("open ltx file: %w", err)
-		}
-		rdrs = append(rdrs, f)
-	}
-	if len(rdrs) == 0 {
-		return nil, ErrNoCompaction
-	}
-
-	// Stream compaction to destination in level.
-	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
-	go func() {
-		c, err := ltx.NewCompactor(pw, rdrs)
-		if err != nil {
-			pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("new ltx compactor: %w", err))
-			return
-		}
-		c.HeaderFlags = ltx.HeaderFlagNoChecksum
-		_ = pw.CloseWithError(c.Compact(ctx))
-	}()
-
-	info, err := db.Replica.Client.WriteLTXFile(ctx, dstLevel, minTXID, maxTXID, pr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("write ltx file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Cache last metadata for the level.
-	db.maxLTXFileInfos.Lock()
-	db.maxLTXFileInfos.m[dstLevel] = info
-	db.maxLTXFileInfos.Unlock()
 
 	// If this is L1, clean up L0 files using the time-based retention policy.
 	if dstLevel == 1 {
@@ -1955,48 +1923,8 @@ func (db *DB) EnforceL0RetentionByTime(ctx context.Context) error {
 // EnforceRetentionByTXID enforces retention so that any LTX files below
 // the target TXID are deleted. Always keep at least one file.
 func (db *DB) EnforceRetentionByTXID(ctx context.Context, level int, txID ltx.TXID) (err error) {
-	db.Logger.Debug("enforcing retention", "level", level, "txid", txID)
-
-	// Normal operation - use fast timestamps
-	itr, err := db.Replica.Client.LTXFiles(ctx, level, 0, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("fetch ltx files: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer itr.Close()
-
-	var deleted []*ltx.FileInfo
-	var lastInfo *ltx.FileInfo
-	for itr.Next() {
-		info := itr.Item()
-		lastInfo = info
-
-		// If this file's maxTXID is below the target TXID, mark it for deletion.
-		if info.MaxTXID < txID {
-			deleted = append(deleted, info)
-			continue
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Ensure we don't delete the last file.
-	if len(deleted) > 0 && deleted[len(deleted)-1] == lastInfo {
-		deleted = deleted[:len(deleted)-1]
-	}
-
-	// Remove all files marked for deletion from both remote and local storage.
-	if err := db.Replica.Client.DeleteLTXFiles(ctx, deleted); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("remove ltx files: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	for _, info := range deleted {
-		localPath := db.LTXPath(level, info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID)
-		db.Logger.Debug("deleting local ltx file", "level", level, "minTXID", info.MinTXID, "maxTXID", info.MaxTXID, "path", localPath)
-
-		if err := os.Remove(localPath); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-			db.Logger.Error("failed to remove local ltx file", "path", localPath, "error", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
+	db.ensureCompactorClient()
+	return db.compactor.EnforceRetentionByTXID(ctx, level, txID)
 }
 
 // monitor runs in a separate goroutine and monitors the database & WAL.

vfs.go

@@ -83,6 +83,26 @@ type VFS struct {
 	// If empty and HydrationEnabled is true, a temp file will be used.
 	HydrationPath string
 
+	// CompactionEnabled activates background compaction for the VFS.
+	// Requires WriteEnabled to be true.
+	CompactionEnabled bool
+
+	// CompactionLevels defines the compaction intervals for each level.
+	// If nil, uses default compaction levels.
+	CompactionLevels CompactionLevels
+
+	// SnapshotInterval is how often to create full database snapshots.
+	// Set to 0 to disable automatic snapshots.
+	SnapshotInterval time.Duration
+
+	// SnapshotRetention is how long to keep old snapshots.
+	// Set to 0 to keep all snapshots.
+	SnapshotRetention time.Duration
+
+	// L0Retention is how long to keep L0 files after compaction into L1.
+	// Set to 0 to delete immediately after compaction.
+	L0Retention time.Duration
+
 	tempDirOnce sync.Once
 	tempDir     string
 	tempDirErr  error
@@ -116,6 +136,7 @@ func (vfs *VFS) openMainDB(name string, flags sqlite3vfs.OpenFlag) (sqlite3vfs.F
 	f := NewVFSFile(vfs.client, name, vfs.logger.With("name", name))
 	f.PollInterval = vfs.PollInterval
 	f.CacheSize = vfs.CacheSize
+	f.vfs = vfs // Store reference to parent VFS for config access
 
 	// Initialize write support if enabled
 	if vfs.WriteEnabled {
@@ -137,6 +158,12 @@ func (vfs *VFS) openMainDB(name string, flags sqlite3vfs.OpenFlag) (sqlite3vfs.F
 			}
 			f.bufferPath = filepath.Join(dir, "write-buffer")
 		}
+
+		// Initialize compaction if enabled
+		if vfs.CompactionEnabled {
+			f.compactor = NewCompactor(vfs.client, f.logger)
+			// VFS has no local files, so leave LocalFileOpener/LocalFileDeleter nil
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Initialize hydration support if enabled
@@ -502,6 +529,13 @@ type VFSFile struct {
 
 	PollInterval time.Duration
 	CacheSize    int
+
+	// Compaction support (only used when VFS.CompactionEnabled is true)
+	vfs              *VFS       // Reference back to parent VFS for config
+	compactor        *Compactor // Shared compaction logic
+	compactionWg     sync.WaitGroup
+	compactionCtx    context.Context
+	compactionCancel context.CancelFunc
 }
 
 // Hydrator handles background hydration of the database to a local file.
@@ -920,6 +954,11 @@ func (f *VFSFile) Open() error {
 		go func() { defer f.wg.Done(); f.syncLoop() }()
 	}
 
+	// Start compaction monitors if enabled
+	if f.compactor != nil && f.vfs != nil {
+		f.startCompactionMonitors()
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -969,6 +1008,11 @@ func (f *VFSFile) openNewDatabase() error {
 		go func() { defer f.wg.Done(); f.syncLoop() }()
 	}
 
+	// Start compaction monitors if enabled
+	if f.compactor != nil && f.vfs != nil {
+		f.startCompactionMonitors()
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -1166,6 +1210,12 @@ func (f *VFSFile) Close() error {
 		f.syncTicker.Stop()
 	}
 
+	// Stop compaction monitors if running
+	if f.compactionCancel != nil {
+		f.compactionCancel()
+		f.compactionWg.Wait()
+	}
+
 	// Final sync of dirty pages before closing
 	if f.writeEnabled && len(f.dirty) > 0 {
 		if err := f.syncToRemote(); err != nil {
@@ -2328,3 +2378,223 @@ func lookupVFSFile(fileID uint64) (*VFSFile, bool) {
 	vfsFile, ok := file.(*VFSFile)
 	return vfsFile, ok
 }
+
+// startCompactionMonitors starts background goroutines for compaction and snapshots.
+func (f *VFSFile) startCompactionMonitors() {
+	f.compactionCtx, f.compactionCancel = context.WithCancel(f.ctx)
+
+	// Use configured levels or defaults
+	levels := f.vfs.CompactionLevels
+	if levels == nil {
+		levels = DefaultCompactionLevels
+	}
+
+	// Start compaction monitors for each level
+	for _, lvl := range levels {
+		if lvl.Level == 0 {
+			continue // L0 doesn't need compaction (source level)
+		}
+		f.compactionWg.Add(1)
+		go func(level *CompactionLevel) {
+			defer f.compactionWg.Done()
+			f.monitorCompaction(f.compactionCtx, level)
+		}(lvl)
+	}
+
+	// Start snapshot monitor if configured
+	if f.vfs.SnapshotInterval > 0 {
+		f.compactionWg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer f.compactionWg.Done()
+			f.monitorSnapshots(f.compactionCtx)
+		}()
+	}
+
+	// Start L0 retention monitor if configured
+	if f.vfs.L0Retention > 0 {
+		f.compactionWg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer f.compactionWg.Done()
+			f.monitorL0Retention(f.compactionCtx)
+		}()
+	}
+
+	f.logger.Info("compaction monitors started",
+		"levels", len(levels),
+		"snapshotInterval", f.vfs.SnapshotInterval,
+		"l0Retention", f.vfs.L0Retention)
+}
+
+// Compact compacts source level files into the destination level.
+// Returns ErrNoCompaction if there are no files to compact.
+func (f *VFSFile) Compact(ctx context.Context, level int) (*ltx.FileInfo, error) {
+	if f.compactor == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("compaction not enabled")
+	}
+	return f.compactor.Compact(ctx, level)
+}
+
+// Snapshot creates a full database snapshot from remote LTX files.
+// Unlike DB.Snapshot(), this reads from remote rather than local WAL.
+func (f *VFSFile) Snapshot(ctx context.Context) (*ltx.FileInfo, error) {
+	if f.compactor == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("compaction not enabled")
+	}
+
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	pageSize := f.pageSize
+	commit := f.commit
+	pos := f.pos
+	pages := make(map[uint32]ltx.PageIndexElem, len(f.index))
+	for pgno, elem := range f.index {
+		pages[pgno] = elem
+	}
+	f.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if pageSize == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("page size not initialized")
+	}
+
+	// Sort page numbers for consistent output
+	pgnos := make([]uint32, 0, len(pages))
+	for pgno := range pages {
+		pgnos = append(pgnos, pgno)
+	}
+	slices.Sort(pgnos)
+
+	// Stream snapshot creation
+	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
+	go func() {
+		enc, err := ltx.NewEncoder(pw)
+		if err != nil {
+			pw.CloseWithError(err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := enc.EncodeHeader(ltx.Header{
+			Version:   ltx.Version,
+			Flags:     ltx.HeaderFlagNoChecksum,
+			PageSize:  pageSize,
+			Commit:    commit,
+			MinTXID:   1,
+			MaxTXID:   pos.TXID,
+			Timestamp: time.Now().UnixMilli(),
+		}); err != nil {
+			pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("encode header: %w", err))
+			return
+		}
+
+		for _, pgno := range pgnos {
+			elem := pages[pgno]
+			_, data, err := FetchPage(ctx, f.client, elem.Level, elem.MinTXID, elem.MaxTXID, elem.Offset, elem.Size)
+			if err != nil {
+				pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("fetch page %d: %w", pgno, err))
+				return
+			}
+			if err := enc.EncodePage(ltx.PageHeader{Pgno: pgno}, data); err != nil {
+				pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("encode page %d: %w", pgno, err))
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err := enc.Close(); err != nil {
+			pw.CloseWithError(fmt.Errorf("close encoder: %w", err))
+			return
+		}
+		pw.Close()
+	}()
+
+	return f.client.WriteLTXFile(ctx, SnapshotLevel, 1, pos.TXID, pr)
+}
+
+// monitorCompaction runs periodic compaction for a level.
+func (f *VFSFile) monitorCompaction(ctx context.Context, lvl *CompactionLevel) {
+	f.logger.Info("starting VFS compaction monitor", "level", lvl.Level, "interval", lvl.Interval)
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(lvl.Interval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			info, err := f.Compact(ctx, lvl.Level)
+			if err != nil {
+				if !errors.Is(err, ErrNoCompaction) &&
+					!errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) &&
+					!errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+					f.logger.Error("compaction failed", "level", lvl.Level, "error", err)
+				}
+			} else {
+				f.logger.Debug("compaction completed",
+					"level", lvl.Level,
+					"minTXID", info.MinTXID,
+					"maxTXID", info.MaxTXID,
+					"size", info.Size)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// monitorSnapshots runs periodic snapshot creation.
+func (f *VFSFile) monitorSnapshots(ctx context.Context) {
+	f.logger.Info("starting VFS snapshot monitor", "interval", f.vfs.SnapshotInterval)
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(f.vfs.SnapshotInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			info, err := f.Snapshot(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) &&
+					!errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+					f.logger.Error("snapshot failed", "error", err)
+				}
+			} else {
+				f.logger.Debug("snapshot created",
+					"maxTXID", info.MaxTXID,
+					"size", info.Size)
+
+				// Enforce snapshot retention after creating new snapshot
+				if f.vfs.SnapshotRetention > 0 {
+					if _, err := f.compactor.EnforceSnapshotRetention(ctx, f.vfs.SnapshotRetention); err != nil {
+						f.logger.Error("snapshot retention failed", "error", err)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// monitorL0Retention runs periodic L0 retention enforcement.
+func (f *VFSFile) monitorL0Retention(ctx context.Context) {
+	f.logger.Info("starting VFS L0 retention monitor", "retention", f.vfs.L0Retention)
+
+	// Check more frequently than the retention period
+	checkInterval := f.vfs.L0Retention / 4
+	if checkInterval < time.Minute {
+		checkInterval = time.Minute
+	}
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(checkInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			if err := f.compactor.EnforceL0Retention(ctx, f.vfs.L0Retention); err != nil {
+				if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) &&
+					!errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+					f.logger.Error("L0 retention enforcement failed", "error", err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

vfs_compaction_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+//go:build vfs
+// +build vfs
+
+package litestream_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream"
+	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/file"
+)
+
+func TestVFSFile_Compact(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("ManualCompact", func(t *testing.T) {
+		dir := t.TempDir()
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(dir)
+
+		// Pre-create some L0 files to test compaction
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 1, 1)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 2, 2)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 3, 3)
+
+		// Create VFS with compaction enabled
+		vfs := litestream.NewVFS(client, slog.Default())
+		vfs.WriteEnabled = true
+		vfs.CompactionEnabled = true
+
+		// Create VFSFile directly to test Compact method
+		f := litestream.NewVFSFile(client, "test.db", slog.Default())
+		f.PollInterval = time.Second
+		f.CacheSize = litestream.DefaultCacheSize
+
+		// Initialize the compactor manually
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Compact L0 to L1
+		info, err := compactor.Compact(context.Background(), 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.Level != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("Level=%d, want 1", info.Level)
+		}
+		if info.MinTXID != 1 || info.MaxTXID != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("TXID range=%d-%d, want 1-3", info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestVFSFile_Snapshot(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MultiLevelCompaction", func(t *testing.T) {
+		dir := t.TempDir()
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(dir)
+
+		// Pre-create L0 files to simulate VFS writes
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 1, 1)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 2, 2)
+		createTestLTXFile(t, client, 0, 3, 3)
+
+		compactor := litestream.NewCompactor(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Compact L0 to L1
+		info, err := compactor.Compact(context.Background(), 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.Level != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("Level=%d, want 1", info.Level)
+		}
+		t.Logf("Compacted to L1: minTXID=%d, maxTXID=%d", info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID)
+
+		// Compact L1 to L2
+		info, err = compactor.Compact(context.Background(), 2)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if info.Level != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("Level=%d, want 2", info.Level)
+		}
+		t.Logf("Compacted to L2: minTXID=%d, maxTXID=%d", info.MinTXID, info.MaxTXID)
+
+		// Verify L2 file exists
+		itr, err := client.LTXFiles(context.Background(), 2, 0, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer itr.Close()
+
+		var l2Count int
+		for itr.Next() {
+			l2Count++
+		}
+		if l2Count != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("L2 file count=%d, want 1", l2Count)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestDefaultCompactionLevels(t *testing.T) {
+	levels := litestream.DefaultCompactionLevels
+	if len(levels) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("DefaultCompactionLevels length=%d, want 4", len(levels))
+	}
+
+	// Verify L0 (raw files, no interval)
+	if levels[0].Level != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("levels[0].Level=%d, want 0", levels[0].Level)
+	}
+	if levels[0].Interval != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("levels[0].Interval=%v, want 0", levels[0].Interval)
+	}
+
+	// Verify L1 (30 second compaction)
+	if levels[1].Level != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("levels[1].Level=%d, want 1", levels[1].Level)
+	}
+	if levels[1].Interval != 30*time.Second {
+		t.Errorf("levels[1].Interval=%v, want 30s", levels[1].Interval)
+	}
+
+	// Verify L2 (5 minute compaction)
+	if levels[2].Level != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("levels[2].Level=%d, want 2", levels[2].Level)
+	}
+	if levels[2].Interval != 5*time.Minute {
+		t.Errorf("levels[2].Interval=%v, want 5m", levels[2].Interval)
+	}
+
+	// Verify L3 (hourly compaction)
+	if levels[3].Level != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("levels[3].Level=%d, want 3", levels[3].Level)
+	}
+	if levels[3].Interval != time.Hour {
+		t.Errorf("levels[3].Interval=%v, want 1h", levels[3].Interval)
+	}
+
+	// Verify they validate
+	if err := levels.Validate(); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("DefaultCompactionLevels.Validate()=%v, want nil", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVFS_CompactionConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("DefaultConfig", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		vfs := litestream.NewVFS(client, slog.Default())
+
+		// Default should have compaction disabled
+		if vfs.CompactionEnabled {
+			t.Error("CompactionEnabled should be false by default")
+		}
+		if vfs.CompactionLevels != nil {
+			t.Error("CompactionLevels should be nil by default")
+		}
+		if vfs.SnapshotInterval != 0 {
+			t.Error("SnapshotInterval should be 0 by default")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("WithCompactionConfig", func(t *testing.T) {
+		client := file.NewReplicaClient(t.TempDir())
+		vfs := litestream.NewVFS(client, slog.Default())
+		vfs.WriteEnabled = true
+		vfs.CompactionEnabled = true
+		vfs.CompactionLevels = litestream.CompactionLevels{
+			{Level: 0, Interval: 0},
+			{Level: 1, Interval: time.Minute},
+		}
+		vfs.SnapshotInterval = 24 * time.Hour
+		vfs.SnapshotRetention = 7 * 24 * time.Hour
+		vfs.L0Retention = 5 * time.Minute
+
+		if !vfs.CompactionEnabled {
+			t.Error("CompactionEnabled should be true")
+		}
+		if len(vfs.CompactionLevels) != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("CompactionLevels length=%d, want 2", len(vfs.CompactionLevels))
+		}
+		if vfs.SnapshotInterval != 24*time.Hour {
+			t.Errorf("SnapshotInterval=%v, want 24h", vfs.SnapshotInterval)
+		}
+		if vfs.SnapshotRetention != 7*24*time.Hour {
+			t.Errorf("SnapshotRetention=%v, want 168h", vfs.SnapshotRetention)
+		}
+		if vfs.L0Retention != 5*time.Minute {
+			t.Errorf("L0Retention=%v, want 5m", vfs.L0Retention)
+		}
+	})
+}